A decentralized energy efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

A decentralized energy efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

 Integrated sensor interface circuits require energy-efficient high-resolution data converters. Proposes a two-step incremental A/D converter (IADC) which extends the performance of an Nth-order IADC close to that of a (2N – 1) th-order IADC. The implemented device uses the circuitry of a second-order IADC (IADC2) to achieve close to third-order SNR performance. The proposed circuit does not require very high opamp DC gain; the gain can be as low as 60 dB for 100 dB SNR data conversion. The implemented IADC achieves a measured dynamic range of 99.8 dB, and an SNDR of 91 dB for a maximum input 2.2 V ?? and a bandwidth of 250 Hz. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the IADC's core area is 0.2 mm2, and it consumes only 10.7 µW. The measured FoMs are 0.76 pJ/conversion and 173.5 dB, both among the best reported results for IADCs. The measured results verify that the proposed two-step IADC is a more energy-efficient data conversion scheme than conventional high-order IADCs.